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Beech trees are a keystone species in many ecosystems. Their fruit – the beechnut – is a food source for many animals, including squirrels, deer, birds, and bears. Their canopies shelter animals and provide nesting sites for birds. Their wood is solid and hard with a beautiful grain. Beeches are also famous for their fall foliage and smooth bark. Plus, they have some cultural significance. Ancient people used their bark as paper.

But beeches are under attack now from Beech Leaf Disease (BLD), a deadly disorder that threatens native American beeches and ornamental European beeches. Researchers first detected BLD in Ohio in 2012. It then spread to other states and Canada. It’s now in 12 U.S. states and several Canadian provinces. Researchers found BLD in CT in 2019 and RI and MA in 2020. BLD is especially deadly to young beech trees and the ecosystems they support.

What is Beech Leaf Disease?

Nematodes cause BLD. These microscopic worms (Litylenchus crenatae mccannii) spend the winter in beech buds and beech leaves and emerge in the spring, showing damage to the tree. Infected leaves have dark brown bands between leaf veins or are crinkled, smaller, and leathery than typical beech leaves. Symptoms are more noticeable on North American beeches than on European beeches.

Some beech buds won’t open on heavily infected trees. Severely damaged leaves will fall off soon after emerging in May. New leaves may appear in June in new buds and won’t show signs of the disease, but they will be paler and weaker than typical healthy leaves. Wind plays a big role in spreading the disease. So does the movement of infected plant material like firewood or nursery stock. BLD can spread fast in a forest

Impact of Beech Leaf Disease

Researchers are seeing beeches die within 6-12 years of infection. In Southern New England, beeches often die within a few years of infection. The disease’s effects on trees are critical. Like many tree diseases, BLD reduces photosynthesis and growth and increases susceptibility to other pests and diseases that can kill trees. BLD also causes loss of biodiversity and alteration of the forest ecosystem. Plus, it impacts the timber industry and tourism.

Researchers are working on management solutions for BLD. But there isn’t a cost-effective solution for forested environments yet. There are no effective fungicides for BLD, and treating large mature trees is difficult. Management options are limited but include the following:

• Early detection and removal of infected trees
• Development of resistant beech tree varieties
• Biological control agents
• Public awareness and education campaigns

In 2017, Ohio researchers had some success managing the disease by treating the soil around small beech trees (about 2-4 inches deep) with a phosphite product called PolyPhosphite 30. Phosphite products are known to stimulate a plant’s defenses.

The researchers treated the trees twice a month with the product about a month apart. The trees were much better after five years than the untreated control trees. They also found fewer nematodes on treated trees than on control trees. We hope to see similar results in New England.

How to Treat Beech Trees

Phosphite products for BLD are available to homeowners. Look for a product that is designed for BLD treatment. Agri-Fos and ProPhyt are good options for BLD. These products are in liquid form. Below are the seven steps to treating a BLD outbreak using a phosphite-based product and a soil drench approach:

1.     Measure the tree’s diameter at breast height—about 4.5 feet high

2.     Follow the product’s label instructions for dosage

3.     Mix the product with water according to the label

4.     Clear the area around the tree’s base of debris and leaf litter.

5.     Slowly pour the diluted phosphite solution into the soil.

6.     Let the solution soak into the root zone.

7.     Water the soil after application to help the solution penetrate deeper

Treat BLD in early spring before new growth begins. You may need to treat the area again later in the growing season. Depending on the disease’s severity and dosage instruction, you may need to treat the soil again.

You can also use a soil injection method to treat BLD. However, you need special equipment to inject phosphite into the soil around the root zone. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for injection depth and spacing.

If you still have questions about BLD or its treatment, contact an arborist or RITree.  

Tree growth is a complex process. It involves factors that can impact a tree’s size, shape, and health. It also involves seed germination, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, water transport, root development, genetics, soil quality, and competition. Understanding how these factors work together can help you boost tree growth and help you grow robust, healthy trees with long lifespans.

Managing tree growth effectively delivers numerous benefits. Well-managed trees shade us in the summer, conserve energy, cut maintenance costs, and reduce noise pollution—all while capturing and storing carbon dioxide and improving air quality. Manage growth also boosts a tree’s lifespan, enhances its appearance, and optimizes growth. Plus, it protects people and the environment.

But managing tree growth can be challenging. Below, we discuss several key factors that dramatically impact tree growth and provide proven tips on managing it effectively.

Brief Overview of Primary Tree Growth

Trees go through two growth periods—primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth provides the tree’s structure and determines a tree’s height and overall shape. It occurs at the tips of the tree’s roots and shoots, an area known as the plant’s apical meristems. Cells in this area quickly divide and produce new cells. They then elongate, causing the root or shoot to lengthen.

Other cells in this area become specialized tissues like the xylem, which transports water. Then there are those cells that turn into the tree’s phloem, which transports nutrients. Meanwhile, the root system expands to anchor the tree, and the shoot system grows upward to capture sunlight for photosynthesis. These activities prepare the tree for its secondary growth period.

Secondary Tree Growth Boosts Girth

Secondary growth occurs in woody plants. It produces new wood and bark, increasing the plant’s girth or diameter. Secondary growth is primarily due to two types of meristematic tissues: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. The vascular cambium produces xylem cells towards the inside, forming annual growth rings.
The vascular cambium produces phloem cells towards the outside, which become part of the inner bark. The cork cambium, meanwhile, produces cork cells, forming the outer bark, which protects the tree. Over time, the tree’s trunk and branches become thicker and more robust as secondary growth occurs.
Other processes that occur during secondary growth include:

• Photosynthesis
• Nutrient uptake
• Water transport
• Leaf growth
• Branching
• Root development
These processes are all interconnected. Genetics, environmental conditions, and competition also influence tree growth.

Tips on Managing Tree Growth Rate

While you can’t alter a tree’s growth rate much, you can still influence growth to some extent through proper tree care. Here are some activities that can help you promote healthy tree growth:

• Make sure the tree receives sufficient sunlight, water, and nutrients
• Provide the right type and amount of fertilizer based on soil tests
• Prune dead, diseased, or crossing branches to improve light penetration and air circulation while the tree grows
• Protect the tree from pests and diseases, which will prevent growth setbacks

Here are some factors that slow growth:
• Reduce watering, especially during dormant periods.
• Prune lightly. Heavy pruning can temporarily slow growth, so avoiding excessive pruning is essential.
• Carefully pruning roots can restrict nutrient and water uptake. However, this is a complex technique best left to professionals.
• Some chemical growth regulators can be used, but their application requires expertise and caution.
• Always consider the tree’s health and species-specific needs when managing a tree’s growth rate. Excessive manipulation can harm the tree.
Managing tree growth takes time and patience but pays off in the long run. Managed growth benefits you, the tree, and the environment. So, take this task seriously, regardless of the species of tree you have. If you need help managing the growth of one of your trees, don’t hesitate to contact RI Tree. Its experts can help you create a plan for your tree to boost its health and growth.

By: John Campanini, Technical Director, RITree

Fungal diseases pose significant threats to trees (and plants). These diseases can damage trees, ranging from slight blemishes to complete tree death. Woody decay, for example, the most common impact of fungal diseases in trees, weakens tree structure and reduces stability. Fungal diseases also cause cankers, leaf diseases, and root rot in trees and plants. Factors affecting the impact of fungal diseases include tree and plant health, environmental conditions, and type of fungal species.

Fungal diseases contribute greatly to tree mortality in forests and urban landscapes. Hot, humid weather helps generate these diseases. Different fungal species have varying levels of aggressiveness and target specific parts of a tree, so each fungal disease must be treated differently. Pruning infected branches or removing infected leaves can help contain the spread but eliminating these diseases completely is still a challenge.

Fungal Diseases Emerging Locally

A rash of fungal diseases caused by wet spring and recent high humidity is now appearing in our area. Monitor vulnerable plants for the following disease symptoms:  

• Flowering Dogwood Anthracnose and Powdery Mildew—Disease symptoms appear as purple to brown circular spots on leaves, the latter as a white coating over leaves. Treat with fungicide for best results. See photo below.

• Prunus, Malus, and Crataegus species— Fire blight on these plants results in sudden wilting, browning, and the death of leaves and shoots caused by a bacterium. There’s no cure for this fungus. Remove and dispose of dead plant parts. See photo below.

• Needle Blight on Spruce—Discoloring (yellow to tan to brown) and dropping of needles. Symptoms start at the bottom of a tree and proceed upwards. Drought stress is a major disease causal factor. See photo below.

Other fungal diseases popular in this region are Dutch Elm disease, Cedar Apple Rust, Apple Scab, Anthracnose, and Rhizosphaera Needle Cast. Treatment measures for fungal diseases include fungicides (as a last resort), cultural controls depending on tree species and plants, and biological controls like other fungi and bacteria.

Steps to Eliminating Fungal Diseases
Prevention is the best way to eliminate fungal diseases. So, choose plant and tree varieties known to be resistant to common fungal diseases in your region. These include Eastern Redbud, Serviceberry, Inkberry, American Holly, Red oak, Black Gum, and Sugar Maple. However, even these plants can contract fungal disease under the right conditions. Stress factors like drought, nutrient deficiencies, or insect damage can weaken plants and make them more vulnerable to fungal infections.
Below are some additional measures to help prevent fungal diseases from attacking your plants.
• Use proper planting techniques: Spacing is critical for fungal diseases. It allows for good air circulation and prevents overcrowding, which can favor fungal growth by creating
• a humid environment. Also, plant trees in suitable locations with appropriate sun and drainage.
• Watering practices: Water deeply and infrequently, aiming for the base of the plant or tree rather than overhead watering. This approach reduces moisture on leaves and stems while discouraging fungal growth.
• Mulching: This is a highly effective countermeasure for preventing fungal diseases. Spreading a layer of mulch around the base of your plants and trees will help you retain moisture in the soil, which is critical. Mulch also prevents excessive dampness near the stem, creating a less hospitable environment for fungi. Use a “breathable” mulch like shredded bark or wood chips as a medium for best results.
• Sanitation is key in preventing the spread of fungal diseases. Remove and dispose of diseased plant material promptly. Don’t compost diseased plant parts, as this can spread the spores. Also, clean and disinfect pruning tools regularly to prevent the spreading of fungal diseases between plants.
• Promote plant health: Ensure your plants and trees are healthy by giving them the nutrients they need through balanced fertilization. Healthy plants are more resilient and better able to resist fungal infections.
By following the steps provided above, you can create a healthier and more hospitable environment for your plants and trees.

Lessening the Impact of Fungal Diseases

Fungal diseases pose a real threat to trees and plants. They’re also a challenge to eliminate. Early detection also helps. By learning about fungal diseases, taking the proper countermeasures, and treating the diseases when they first appear, you can significantly lessen the impact of fungi on your trees and plants. Also, report suspicious symptoms you see to local authorities. If you need more help dealing with fungal diseases, talk with the experts at RI Tree. We’ll help you develop a strategy that works for you.

Plants are remarkably resilient. They can survive numerous plant diseases and other deadly threats. Yet even the most adaptable plant can succumb to drought stress, which typically occurs during July and August, the year’s hottest months. Characterized by a complex interplay of physiological and biochemical processes, drought stress upsets the delicate balance within a plant. Knowing what drought stress is and how it impacts plants can help you develop effective strategies for protecting plants.

Protecting plants from drought stress can boost their well-being, enhance their lives, and increase the soil’s health. It can also conserve water usage and lessen the need for harmful pesticides. If you’re a farmer, protecting plants from drought stress can lead to better crops, an increase in a crop’s food self-sufficiency, and a farm’s profits. Below, we discuss drought stress and its impacts on a plant’s life and provide proven tips on protecting your plants from this deadly event.

What is Plant Drought Stress?

Drought stress occurs when plants lack enough water to meet their needs. This deficiency can happen due to several factors, including:
• Lack of rainfall: This is the most common cause of plant drought stress.
• High temperatures: Hot weather increases evaporation rates, so plants lose water more quickly.
• Windy conditions: Wind can accelerate water loss from plants.
• Shallow watering: If you only water the soil’s surface, the roots won’t be encouraged to grow deeper and access more moisture reserves.
• Poor soil drainage: If water drains away too quickly, the roots won’t have enough time to absorb it.
• Plant type: Some plants are naturally more drought-tolerant than others.
The intensity and duration of the drought, as well as the specific plant species, determine its impact on plants.
Effect of Drought Stress on Plants

Droughts can impact a plant in several ways. They can stunt its growth, cause its leaves to wilt and drop off, and reduce its ability to produce food. It can also increase a plant’s susceptibility to diseases and pests, damaging its health in the long term. Many plants, however, have built-in defenses to help them survive a drought, including growing roots deeper, closing stomata to conserve water, and reducing CO2 intake.

Tips on Combatting Plant Drought Stress

Maintaining moist soil is the key to avoiding plant injury. Here are a few helpful tips for dealing with drought stress.

1. Water deeply and less frequently: Instead of shallow, daily watering, give your plants a long, deep soak every few days. This deep soak encourages the roots to grow deeper into the soil, where they can tap more moisture reserves. Aim to wet the soil to a depth of 6-8 inches.
2. Water early in the morning: Watering your plants early in the morning allows the water to soak into the soil before the heat of the day, which can cause evaporation.
3. Mulch around your plants: Mulch is a material layer, such as wood chips, bark, or straw, spread around the base of plants. It helps retain moisture in the soil by reducing evaporation and suppresses weeds, which compete with plants for water.
4. Group plants together: Grouping plants together helps create a more humid microclimate and conserve water. Taller plants can also shade shorter plants, helping to reduce water loss.
5. Choose drought-tolerant plants: When planting new plants, consider choosing varieties known to be drought-tolerant, such as Paperbark Maple, American Hornbeam, Kousa Dogwood, Washington Hawthorne, and American Sweetgum. Additional drought-tolerant plants include Russian Sage, Lilacs, Black-eyed Susan, Lavender, and Coneflower. These plants are typically adapted to drier conditions and require less water.

You can also use gator bags to deliver water to trees effectively and efficiently during summer. Gator bags, also known as slow-release watering bags or tree watering bags, deliver water slowly and directly to the roots of trees or shrubs. They’re most beneficial for newly planted trees and shrubs but may not work for plants with extensive root systems. The size of the gator bag should be appropriate for the size of the plant. Drain the bag completely during cold weather to prevent freezing and potential damage.

Plants are remarkably resistant—no doubt about it. But drought stress can badly damage many plant species. Our tips to combat drought stress can help plants survive the heat. They’ll benefit your plants, the environment, and your wallet. Remember them whenever it gets hot.

Testing your soil is a critical step before planting a tree. Testing your soil identifies nutrient deficiencies. Knowing what nutrients your soil lacks helps you choose the right fertilizer to give your tree a healthy start. You also test the soil to check its pH level. Most trees prefer slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH 6-7). If the pH is too high (alkaline) or too low (acidic), it can prevent trees from absorbing nutrients.

A third reason to test your soil is to avoid wasting resources. By understanding your soil’s baseline, you can avoid applying unnecessary fertilizers or amendments. Testing helps you target exactly what your soil needs, avoiding over-application and potential environmental harm from fertilizer runoff. For fruit trees, proper soil nutrients impact the quantity and quality of fruit produced, and a soil test can help you optimize your soil for a bountiful harvest.

Best Time to Test Your Soil
The best time to test your soil is a few weeks before planting. That allows you time to amend the soil if needed, based on the test results. You can test the soil yourself using a home testing kit, which is readily available at garden centers and big box stores. This method will give you a basic analysis of pH and nutrient levels. Convenience is a key benefit of testing the soil yourself. Self-testing also creates a good entry point for those new gardeners to learn more about soil and plant needs.

For a more precise analysis, consider sending your sample to a professional soil testing lab. Local extension offices can often provide recommendations on labs. In Rhode Island, you can test your soil at the University of Rhode Island’s Cooperative Extension, College of the Environmental and Life Sciences. Below is more information on how to do that. (If you’re not from Rhode Island, you can find a state-by-state list of soil testing labs on this website.)

Several private companies offer soil testing services. These labs may offer a wider range of tests or faster turnaround times than university labs.
Here are a couple examples:
• New England Testing Laboratory (https://www.newenglandtesting.com/Privacy.php) in West Warwick, RI.
• New England Specialty Soils Screening Facility (https://www.nesoils.com/) in Lancaster, MA.
Consider factors like the type of test you need, turnaround time, and cost when choosing a testing service.
Soil Testing in Rhode Island

The URI lab offers many free and low-cost informational and diagnostic services to Rhode Island citizens. Its Master Gardeners conduct free soil pH testing for the residents of Rhode Island and surrounding areas from March through October. These tests will help determine soil pH levels and predominant soil texture. It also provides basic information and recommendations for the gradual correction of soil pH and compaction issues.

You have two ways to get your soil tested with this program. You can attend a community event where URI’s Gardening Information and Soil Testing booth will be. See the 2024 schedule here. Or, you can mail-in your sample with a Soil Test Result Report Form. Print the form, complete it, and send it along with your sample to URI Cooperative Extension, 3 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, RI 02881. Please include ‘Attn: Soil Test’ on the envelope.

Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of what’s involved in testing your soil for planting trees. Keep in mind that preparation is critical to getting a good sample for testing:

1. Gather your tools—You’ll need a clean trowel or spade, a bucket, and a permanent marker. Consider wearing gloves for ease of handling soil. Use a stainless steel or chrome-plated soil probe. Brass, bronze, or galvanized tools can contaminate samples with copper and/or zinc.
2. Choose the testing method—Decide whether you’ll use a home test kit (faster but less accurate) or send a sample to a lab (more precise but takes longer).
3. Target planting area—Collect samples from the area where you plan to plant your tree.
4. Sample depth—Aim for 6-12 inches deep, where tree roots will establish. (If you’re testing soil for lawns, go 3 inches down.)
5. Multiple samples—Take 10-15 samples in a zig-zag pattern to get a good representation of the area. Avoid areas with obvious signs of contamination or recent fertilization.
6. Mix it up—In your clean bucket, combine all the collected soil samples and mix them thoroughly. Remove any large rocks or other non-soil particles from the soil.
7. Sample amount—Depending on your chosen testing method, take the recommended amount of the composite sample (usually 1-2 cups) for testing. Label the container with your name, collection date, and intended planting area.
   Additional Tips:
   • A soil probe or auger is the best tool for sampling, especially if the soil is very stony or gravel.
   • If a soil probe or auger is not available, use a garden trowel, shovel, or spade to dig into the desired depth of the soil depth.
   • Cut out a triangular wedge of soil. Then, set it aside (to be replaced after sampling). Slide your blade into the soil again, taking a thin (half-inch) slice from one side of the hole.
   • Store your labeled soil sample in a cool, dry place until testing.
   • Some labs offer online tools to help interpret your soil test results and recommend amendments if you’re using the self-test approach.
   • If you’re submitting your sample to a soil testing lab, you’ll need a soil sample information sheet and a soil sample box. Both are available from the extension office in your county or city.
   By following these steps, you can gain valuable insights into your soil’s condition and ensure your new tree has the best chance of thriving. All the tools mentioned in this article are available online. If you need help taking a soil sample, contact RI Tree. Our experts can guide your through the process.

Planting trees isn’t just about adding beauty to your yard. It’s also an investment in the future. Trees bring beauty and value to your home, provide shade, improve air quality, and boost property values. However, people often make mistakes when planting trees, such as not adequately preparing the planting site or planting a tree unsuitable for the climate, soil type, or space available, which can lead to problems for the tree down the road.

Below are eight planting tips that will help you plant trees that flourish for decades:

1. Pick the right tree—Do your research before you buy a tree. Choose a variety that will thrive in your yard. Consider the tree’s mature size, sunlight needs, soil conditions, and potential hazards like power lines before buying the tree.  

• Plant during the dormant season—Early spring or fall is the best time to plant trees in most temperate climates because the trees are dormant and less stressed by the transplanting process.

• Dig a wide, shallow hole—Size matters when it comes to holes. They should be 2-3 times wider than the tree’s root ball but only as deep as the root ball.  

• Handle the tree carefully—Avoid damaging the root ball when transporting a tree, which can stress it. Also, water the tree hole thoroughly before transplanting it.    

• Position the tree correctly—Make sure the trunk is straight before lowering the tree into the hole. You can use a stake or another person to help you with this. Also, check for root ball alignment.  

• Backfill the hole with high-quality topsoil—Fill the hole with the topsoil you set aside when digging. Add it in stages and water thoroughly after each layer, which helps settle the soil. Then tamp it down lightly.  

• Water the tree deeply—Use 2-3 gallons per inch of trunk diameter. So, a tree with a 2-inch diameter trunk would need 4-6 gallons of water. Use a slow trickle of water from a hose or a watering can with a rose attachment.

• Add mulch around the tree’s base—Mulch helps retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Choose organic mulches like shredded bark, wood chips, or compost, which decompose over time, add nutrients to the soil, and improve drainage.

By following the eight tips outlined above, you can avoid the common pitfalls in tree planting. This knowledge gives you the information you need to lay a strong foundation for a robust, healthy tree that transforms your space.

Air pollution concerns cities and towns everywhere, including Rhode Island and nearby Massachusetts. Providence, for example, maintained an A grade for short-term spikes in particle pollution last year, indicating no unhealthy days. However, the city still ranks as one of the most polluted counties in the area for year-round particle pollution, though with a slight improvement over last year.  

Urban areas often bear the brunt of air pollution, says a study by Nature Research. It found that city dwellers can experience those in cleaner cities. This high level of air pollution is an environmental issue and a significant healthcare concern. The State of Global Air reports that air pollution contributes to an estimated 7 million premature deaths annually, underscoring the gravity of the situation.

This article reviews the main types of pollution in cities and towns, explains how urban forestry combats air pollution, and provides tips on maximizing the effects of this process.

What is Urban Forestry?

Urban forestry—the practice of planting, caring for, and managing trees in cities and towns— combats pollution and climate change. Scattered around in parks, lining streets, or growing in backyards, these trees all form a hidden forest—the urban forest. It maximizes the benefits trees provide as the green infrastructure for cities and towns, like cooler temperatures, improved stormwater management, and less air pollution.

The two primary culprits of air pollution when it comes to cities and towns are:

• Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): These tiny particles come from vehicle emissions, power plants, and industrial processes. They can penetrate the lungs and bloodstream and cause significant health problems.
• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): Traffic is a significant source of NO2, which can irritate the airways and worsen asthma.

Urban forestry involves arborists, city planners, researchers, and community activists. They work together to plant new trees, maintain existing ones, advocate for tree preservation, and research the best ways to manage urban forests. Non-profit organizations, like the Rhode Island Tree Council, are also involved in urban forestry, providing educational programs and practical tips on planting and maintaining trees in the state’s urban forests.

Maximizing the Effects of Urban Forestry

How do you maximize the effects of urban forestry? Planting and protecting trees is critical to the maximization process. It’s also a simple yet powerful way to improve air quality. You might even call trees superheroes in combating pollution. If everyone works together, we can boost the effects of urban forestry in our local communities.

Here are some ways you can maximize the effects of urban forestry in your community:

1. Plant the Right Trees

Diversity is vital when it comes to planting trees and maximizing urban forestry. Plant a diverse range of tree species native to the region. Some trees native to Rhode Island include red maple, white oak, Eastern white pine, pitch pine, swamp white oak, and American Beech.

This approach creates a more resilient urban forest less susceptible to disease and pests. Before planting a tree, consider its mature size, root system, and light needs. This ensures healthy growth and avoids future problems with power lines, sidewalks, or buildings.

• Taking Care of Existing Trees:

Proper maintenance is critical when caring for existing trees. Schedule regular pruning and trimming activities to promote healthy growth and avoid hazards. Water newly planted trees regularly, especially during dry periods. (Established trees may need occasional deep watering during droughts.) Put mulch around the trunk to protect the tree’s base from compaction and promote healthy root growth.

• Community Involvement:

Conducting tree inventories, even if just a partial one in your neighborhood, is an excellent way to get involved in urban forestry. This data helps identify areas that would benefit most from new trees. You can also volunteer for planting and tree care activities. This effort extends a helping hand and can make a huge difference. Plus, you can advocate for urban forestry by supporting policies that promote tree planting and protection in your city.

• Spreading the Word:

Educating others on the benefits of trees, such as we do here at RI Tree, isa fourth way you can help maximize urban forestry in your community. You can also donate money or volunteer your time to organizations dedicated to urban forestry. Joining and participating in our activities is a great way to raise awareness about the benefits of urban forestry and encourage others to get involved.

By working together, communities can maximize urban forestry’s positive effects and create healthier, more sustainable cities. That, in turn, can help eliminate air pollution in Rhode Island’s cities and towns.

Have you considered planting a fruit tree in your backyard? Fruit trees not only provide delicious homegrown fruit but also offer numerous benefits. The right fruit tree can transform your backyard, provide shade in the summer, contribute to a healthier environment, and aid in the fight against climate change. They can also serve as a haven for wildlife, reduce grocery bills, and attract pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds.

But fruit trees have their challenges. Different fruit trees have different needs for sunlight, chill hours (winter temperatures), and soil types. They also need plenty of sunlight, good air circulation, and well-drained soil. Plus, they are susceptible to insects, diseases, and hungry animals, and take years to mature and produce a good harvest. So, caring for fruit trees is imperative. Patience is also crucial.

Below are seven tips on planting fruit trees to help you beat fruit tree challenges. You can also consult the experts at RI Tree or take its fruit tree course.

·         Location, location, location

Planting the right fruit tree in the right spot is critical. Take advantage of the USDA’s Hardiness Zone Map to select trees that will flourish in your climate. You can find your hardiness zone by entering your zip code at the USDA website

·        Test your soil. 

Your soil’s pH is critical. Knowing your soil pH can tell you if you need to enrich the soil before planting. Fruit trees prefer slightly acidic soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Test your soil well before planting in the late summer or fall. That gives you time to amend the soil based on the test results.

·         Pick the right spot

Fruit trees need plenty of sunlight, good air circulation, and well-drained soil. So, pick a spot in your yard to plant a tree or trees that provide these conditions. Consider the mature size of the tree you’re planting and give it ample room to grow without crowding structures, power lines, or other plantings. 

• Protect trees from pests and diseases 

You may need to protect your tree or trees throughout the year from insects, diseases, and hungry animals. See our blog post and information on our website on this subject. Research fruit tree varieties known for disease resistance in your region, use organic pest control methods and encourage beneficial insects.

• Plant at the right time of year 

The best time to plant fruit trees is late winter or early spring. Also, dig a proper hole when you plant a tree. It should be 2-3 times wider than the tree root ball and just as deep. And plant at the correct depth. Locate the root flare (where the trunk widens at the base) and plant the tree so the flare is slightly above the soil line. Avoid burying the trunk.

• Water correctly

Fruit trees prefer deep soakings that encourage roots to grow deep down, searching for moisture. Water your newly planted tree deeply and regularly, especially during the first year. Aim to deliver 2 inches of water at a time, allowing the top few inches of soil to dry out slightly between watering. Water at the tree’s base and use mulch to retain moisture.

• Prune for growth 

Pruning young fruit trees will help them develop a strong structure and produce more fruit. Prune during dormancy, remove unwanted branches, open up the center, shorten vigorous branches, and cut branches just above a bud that faces outward in the direction you want new growth to develop. Angled cuts heal better.

One last tip: Different fruit trees have different pruning requirements, so you need to prune for your specific tree or trees. Research your tree’s needs to ensure proper pruning techniques for optimal fruit production. Proper pruning will boost your fruit harvest and contribute to the tree’s overall health and lifespan.

RI Tree’s Fruit Tree Course

Fruit trees can transform an outdoor space and deliver numerous benefits. RI Tree’s course on growing fruit trees in your backyard is safe, reliable, and fun. The course is for busy people who want to grow apples, peaches, and pears but have never had the time to learn how. Our novel approach is light on bookwork and heavy on skill-building and personal instruction.

For more information on RITree’s Growing Fruit tree course, see the RITree website. All classes will be held at RITree’s orchard training facility at 2953 Hartford Ave in Johnston, RI. Each session will be 2 hours long starting at 10:30 am. Class size will be limited to 15 persons.

Trees are susceptible to diseases that can stunt their growth, ruin their appearance, and even lead to their demise. But using pesticides and fungicides on plants creates risks that can impact people’s health, their pets, the environment, and even the plants themselves. Water contamination, soil damage, and phytotoxicity are three examples of risks that pesticides and fungicides pose.

Fortunately, numerous natural methods exist that you can use to bolster your tree’s defenses and create a thriving, disease-resistant plant or tree. Natural methods can prevent and control plant diseases without chemicals. These methods include promoting good tree health, using natural sprays and treatments, selecting and planting trees, and monitoring and early detection.

Below, we discuss the benefits of using natural methods for plant disease prevention, provide ideas for preventing plant diseases, and review several natural methods for keeping plants healthy and vibrant

Benefits of Natural Methods

There are numerous benefits to using natural methods to prevent plant diseases compared to conventional pesticides and fungicides. These include:

• Safer for the environment: Natural methods typically rely on organic materials and avoid harsh chemicals. They can protect beneficial insects, pollinators, and wildlife in your garden.
•  Better for people and pets: Many conventional pesticides can harm you and your pets if not handled properly. Natural methods generally pose less of a health risk.
• Reduced risk of resistance: Over time, overuse of conventional pesticides can lead to pests and diseases developing resistance. Natural methods help avoid this problem.
• Promotes a healthy ecosystem: By encouraging beneficial insects and microbes in your garden, natural methods create a more balanced ecosystem that can help regulate pest populations naturally.
• Cost-Effective: Many natural methods utilize readily available materials or require minimal investment, making them a budget-friendly option for treating plants.

If you’re a gardener, natural disease prevention methods can help you maintain a healthy, certified organic garden.

Natural methods, however, come with drawbacks. For example, they can take time to implement. The long-term benefits of using natural methods, however, far outweigh their drawbacks.

Examples of Natural Methods

Using natural methods to prevent tree diseases is as effective as using them in gardens. Let’s take a look at some of these methods:

• Make sure you have the right tree in the right place. Choose trees suited to your climate and soil conditions. Stressed trees are more vulnerable to disease.

• Water your trees deeply and infrequently. Allow the soil to dry slightly between watering. But be careful when watering plants and trees. Overwatering can encourage root rot.

• Prune regularly to help trees grow. Remove diseased branches, improve air circulation, and encourage healthy growth. Spreading organic mulch around a tree’s base retains moisture, suppresses weeds, and regulates soil temperature.

• Natural spray treatments are just as effective as conventional methods. Neem oil, for example, works well against various fungal diseases and insect pests that can harm trees. Introducing natural predators, like ladybugs, lacewings, and predatory mites, in your yard is also effective.  

• Tree selection and planting are also critical. When planting new trees, opt for varieties known for their resistance to common diseases in your area. Local nurseries can advise you. Planting various tree species helps create a more balanced ecosystem less susceptible to widespread disease outbreaks.

• You should also regularly inspect your trees for signs of disease. Early detection is critical to successful disease treatment. Typical signs of disease include discolored leaves, tree wilting, or unusual growths. Amending the soil around your tree with compost or other organic matter can improve tree health and disease resistance.

Trees themselves have built-in defense mechanisms against diseases. They can produce chemical compounds that deter insects and fungi or compartmentalize infected areas to prevent the spread of disease.

Prevention is Critical to Tree Health

Preventing diseases in trees is critical to having robust, healthy trees. But your plants may contract diseases despite your best efforts. Natural methods of treating diseases protect people, pets, and the environment. The methods include promoting good tree health, using natural sprays and treatments, selecting and planting suitable trees, and monitoring and early detection. Natural methods can help you keep trees healthy and resistant.

Treating plant diseases, however, can be challenging. Some diseases can resist your best efforts despite much work and cost, no matter how you treat them, which can frustrate you. If you’re getting nowhere treating a diseased plant, contact RI Tree.   Our experts can help you diagnose plant diseases and recommend the best way to treat them effectively. They’ll also help you create a plan to care for your plants or trees.

The Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management is warning RI residents to remain vigilant for two invasive species as their lifecycles progress and they emerge this spring. The spotted lanternfly (SLF) and the winter moth are two plant pests threatening Rhode Island’s agriculture and forest. These threats remain the focus of DEM’s Division of Agriculture and Forest Environment‘s Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) and Forest Health Program.

One pest is the spotted lanternfly, which can cause significant damage to crops and native trees. The SLF threatens many fruit crops, such as apples, apricots, cherries, grapes, hops, nectarines, peaches, and plums, as well as native maple, oak, pine, poplar, sycamore, walnut, and willow trees. DEM officials note the lanternfly is an “excellent hitchhiker” spread through human movement.”

Lanternfly adults lay masses of 30 or more eggs on surfaces ranging from tree trunks to patio furniture. These egg masses are typically 1.5 inches long, grayish-brown, and resemble clay. DEM started spraying for SLFs in Rhode Island in 2022. DEM and its partners will continue targeted treatments of trees and bushes infested with SLF as they try to limit the spread of this invasive pest.

Winter moths are an invasive defoliator from Europe. First detected in New England in the early 2000s, the caterpillars of winter moths feed on the leaves of deciduous trees in early spring after larval hatch. Winter moth caterpillars are lime green with creamy-yellow stripes running lengthwise along each side of the body. Preferred hosts include maple, oak, birch, apple, and blueberry. Young larvae feed within their hosts’ leaf and flower buds and are often difficult to spot at this stage. Caterpillar frass (insect droppings) are often easier to observe than the actual caterpillars.

While the increased winter moth activity during the past autumn has generated increased public interest, the winter moth’s defoliation effort isn’t nearly as damaging or widespread as spongy moths, formerly known as gypsy moths. That’s because winter moths do not completely strip leaves. They only cause tree mortality if defoliation is repeated year after year. DEM initiated a successful biological program in 2005 to control winter moths with the specialist parasitic fly Cyzenis albicans.

For more information on the spotted lanternfly and the winter moth, see RI Tree’s Pest to Watch page on its website.